No knock and announce is permissible if which of the following conditions applies?

• A. Futile
• B. Dangerous
• C. Hindering investigation
• D. Any of the above

Answer: (D)

The concept tested is the circumstances under which a knock-and-announce requirement can be bypassed with a no-knock entry. Although officers generally must knock and announce, a no-knock entry is permissible when certain conditions are present. Specifically, if knocking and announcing would be futile, dangerous, or would hinder the investigation (for example, alerting suspects and allowing destruction of evidence or escape), a no-knock entry can be justified. Because all three of these conditions may justify skipping the announcement, any of them supports a no-knock entry. In other words, choosing “any of the above” is correct because each listed factor can justify the exception.