Trespass to real property includes which?

• A. Only direct physical harm
• B. Physical invasion of real property, including air above and soil below
• C. Destruction of property
• D. Removal from land

Answer: (B)

Trespass to real property focuses on an intentional invasion of another's land. The wrongdoer is liable if they enter the land in possession of another, cause a thing to enter, or remain on the land. Importantly, the invasion isn’t limited to the surface; it includes the air above and the soil below to the extent the landowner’s possessory rights are affected. So the essence is physical invasion of real property, including the air above and the soil below. A par­ticipant can trespass even without causing any actual damage, since the intrusion itself satisfies the tort. Destruction of property or removal from land aren’t required elements; they describe different harms or torts, and trespass can occur without them.