Waste categories include which of the following?

• A. Affirmative waste
• B. Permissive waste
• C. Ameliorative waste
• D. All of the above

Answer: (D)

Waste by a present possessory interest holder is categorized into three types: affirmative waste, permissive waste, and ameliorative waste. Affirmative waste is active harm or destruction that reduces property value, such as tearing down a building or removing valuable fixtures. Permissive waste is neglect—failing to maintain the property or pay carrying costs (taxes, interest, insurance)—that allows deterioration. Ameliorative waste involves making changes that improve or alter the property, potentially increasing value, but still must be compatible with the future interests and not undermine those interests unless allowed by the grant or by modern doctrine.

Because all three categories are recognized in property law, the option that includes all of them is the best answer.