Which of the following are recognized mootness exceptions?

• A. All of the above
• B. Capable of repetition and avoiding suit
• C. Voluntary cessation and may repeat
• D. Class action with one member injured

Answer: (A)

Mootness has exceptions that let a case go on even when the usual live-controversy rule seems to fail.

Capable of repetition and avoiding review applies when the issue is of a short duration and the same party would likely face the same problem again, so it would be impractical to litigate fully before it ends. Because the dispute can reoccur, the courts can still resolve the issue now.

Voluntary cessation is another exception: if the defendant stops the challenged conduct, the case isn’t automatically moot because there’s a real possibility the conduct could resume. If there’s a reasonable expectation of return, the court keeps the controversy alive to prevent evading review.

Class actions also create an exception: if the claim of at least one class member remains live, the action can proceed even if other members’ claims have become moot. The presence of an injured class member keeps a live claim and preserves jurisdiction.

Since all three scenarios are recognized mootness exceptions, the correct answer is that all of the above apply.