Which statement correctly describes the essential requirements for the assumption of risk defense to apply?

• A. P must voluntarily assume and appreciate the risks.
• B. P must prove the defendant intended to cause harm.
• C. No defense if P is a member of a protected class.
• D. The defense applies in all products liability scenarios.

Answer: (A)

Assumption of risk works only when the plaintiff knowingly and voluntarily encounters a known danger. The key elements are that the person understands the risk and still chooses to face it, i.e., voluntary participation coupled with appreciation of the danger. It’s not about the defendant’s intent to harm, nor does it depend on the plaintiff’s protected class, and it isn’t an across-the-board defense in every product liability case. For example, if someone knowingly continues a dangerous activity after being informed of the risks, that voluntary exposure can bar recovery under this defense.